SherbyNet - /page/wikibook/entry.mu

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Rockpool" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="Rockpool_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Rockpool (disambiguation)">Rockpool (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

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<p>A <b>tide pool</b> or <b>rock pool</b> is a shallow pool of <a href="Seawater" title="Seawater">seawater</a> that forms on the rocky <a href="Intertidal" class="mw-redirect" title="Intertidal">intertidal</a> <a href="Shore" class="mw-redirect" title="Shore">shore</a>. These pools typically range from a few inches to a few feet deep and a few feet across.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these pools exist as separate bodies of <a href="Water" title="Water">water</a> only at <a href="Low_tide" class="mw-redirect" title="Low tide">low tide</a>, as seawater gets trapped when the tide recedes. Tides are caused by the <a href="Gravity" title="Gravity">gravitational pull</a> of the sun and moon. A tidal cycle is usually about 25 hours and consists of two high tides and two low tides.<sup id="cite_ref-NPCA_Tide_pools_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPCA_Tide_pools-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Tide pool <a href="Habitat" title="Habitat">habitats</a> are home to especially adaptable <a href="Animal" title="Animal">animals</a>, like snails, barnacles, mussels, anemones, urchins, sea stars, crustaceans, seaweed, and small fish.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inhabitants must be able to cope with constantly changing water levels, water temperatures, <a href="Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a>, and oxygen content.<sup id="cite_ref-NPCA_Tide_pools_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPCA_Tide_pools-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At low tide, there is the risk of predators like seabirds. These pools have engaged the attention of <a href="Naturalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalist">naturalists</a> and <a href="Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">marine biologists</a>, as well as <a href="Philosophical" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophical">philosophical</a> essayists: <a href="John_Steinbeck" title="John Steinbeck">John Steinbeck</a> wrote in <i><a href="The_Log_from_the_Sea_of_Cortez" title="The Log from the Sea of Cortez">The Log from the Sea of Cortez</a></i>, "It is advisable to look from the tide pool to the stars and then back to the tide pool."<sup id="cite_ref-NPCA_Tide_pools_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPCA_Tide_pools-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Some examples have been <a href="Swimming_pool#Natural_pools_and_ponds" title="Swimming pool">artificially augmented</a> to enable safer swimming (for example without waves or without sharks) in seawater at certain states of the tide.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zones">Zones</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Intertidal_zone" title="Intertidal zone">Intertidal zone</a></div>

<p>The rocky shoreline exhibits distinct zones with unique characteristics. These zones are created by the tidal movements of water along the rocky shores from high to low-tide. They are:

</p>

<ul><li>The supralittoral zone or splash zone: area above the high-tide mark, which is virtually a <a href="Ecoregion#Terrestrial" title="Ecoregion">terrestrial</a> environment. Occasionally gets splashed, but never gets covered by the ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>The intertidal fringe: area around the high-tide mark.</li>

<li>The intertidal or littoral zone: area between the high and low-tide marks. Can be further divided into high, mid, and low intertidal zones, which are explained below in more depth.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>The sublittoral or subtidal zone: area below the low-tide mark.</li></ul>

<p>The presence and abundance of flora and fauna vary between zones along the rocky shore. This is due to niche adaptations in response to the varying tides and solar exposure.

</p><p>Tide pools exist in the intertidal zone (the area within the <a href="Tidal_range" title="Tidal range">tidal range</a>), which is submerged by the sea at <a href="High_tide" class="mw-redirect" title="High tide">high tides</a> and during <a href="Storm" title="Storm">storms</a>. At other times, the rocks may undergo other extreme conditions, such as baking in the <a href="Sun" title="Sun">sun</a> or being exposed to cold winds. Few <a href="Organism" title="Organism">organisms</a> can survive such harsh conditions.

</p>

<p>The high tide zone is <a href="Flood" title="Flood">flooded</a> during each high tide, which occurs once or twice daily. Organisms must survive <a href="Wind_wave" title="Wind wave">wave action</a>, <a href="Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">currents</a>, and long exposure to the sun and open air.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This zone is predominantly inhabited by <a href="Seaweed" title="Seaweed">seaweed</a> and <a href="Invertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Invertebrates">invertebrates</a>, such as <a href="Sea_anemone" title="Sea anemone">sea anemones</a>, <a href="Sea_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea star">sea star</a>, <a href="Chiton" title="Chiton">chitons</a>, <a href="Crab" title="Crab">crabs</a>, <a href="Green_algae" title="Green algae">green algae</a>, and <a href="Mussels" class="mw-redirect" title="Mussels">mussels</a>. Marine <a href="Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> provide shelter for <a href="Nudibranch" title="Nudibranch">nudibranchs</a> and <a href="Hermit_crab" title="Hermit crab">hermit crabs</a>. The same waves and currents that make life in the high tide zone difficult bring food to <a href="Filter_feeder" title="Filter feeder">filter feeders</a> and other intertidal organisms.

</p>

This zone is constantly covered and uncovered by water, so its inhabitants have adapted to surviving in these conditions. More plants and animals live here, compared to the high tide zone, because they are not exposed to drying conditions for so long.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During low tide, anemones close up and mussels close their shells to keep in moisture. They reopen when the tide returns and brings them food.<sup id="cite_ref-NPCA_Tide_pools_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPCA_Tide_pools-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p>

<p>This area is mostly submerged and is exposed only during unusually low tide.<sup id="cite_ref-NPCA_Tide_pools_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPCA_Tide_pools-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It usually teems with life and has far more marine vegetation, especially seaweeds. Organisms in this zone do not have to be as well adapted to drying out and temperature extremes. Low tide zone organisms include <a href="Abalone" title="Abalone">abalone</a>, anemones, brown seaweed, chitons, crabs, green algae, <a href="Hydroid_(zoology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroid (zoology)">hydroids</a>, <a href="Isopoda" title="Isopoda">isopods</a>, <a href="Limpet" title="Limpet">limpets</a>, mussels, and sometimes even small <a href="Vertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrates">vertebrates</a> such as fish. Seaweeds provide shelter for many animals, like sea slugs and urchins that are too fragile for other zones.<sup id="cite_ref-NPCA_Tide_pools_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPCA_Tide_pools-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These creatures can grow to larger sizes because there is more available energy and better water coverage: the water is shallow enough to allow additional sunlight for <a href="Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthetic</a> activity, with almost normal levels of <a href="Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a>. This area is also relatively protected from large <a href="Predation" title="Predation">predators</a> because of the wave action and shallow water.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marine_life">Marine life</h2></div>

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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series related to</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#82C3D8; padding:0.2em; font-size:160%; font-weight:bold;"><a href="Benthos" title="Benthos">Benthic life</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Benthos" title="Benthos">Benthos</a></li>

<li><a href="Benthic_zone" title="Benthic zone">Benthic zone</a></li>

<li><a href="Benthopelagic" class="mw-redirect" title="Benthopelagic">Benthopelagic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Benthic-pelagic_coupling" title="Benthic-pelagic coupling">coupling</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Seabed" title="Seabed">Seabed</a></li></ul>

</div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Macrobenthos" title="Macrobenthos">Macrobenthos</a></li>

<li><a href="Meiobenthos" title="Meiobenthos">Meiobenthos</a></li>

<li><a href="Microbenthos" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbenthos">Microbenthos</a></li></ul>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Zoobenthos" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoobenthos">Zoobenthos</a></li>

<li><a href="Phytobenthos" title="Phytobenthos">Phytobenthos</a></li></ul>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">By location</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Endobenthos" class="mw-redirect" title="Endobenthos">Endobenthos</a></li>

<li><a href="Epibenthos" class="mw-redirect" title="Epibenthos">Epibenthos</a></li>

<li><a href="Hyperbenthos" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperbenthos">Hyperbenthos</a></li></ul>

</div></div></div></td>

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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">By habitat</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li>Shallow:

<ul>

<li><a href="Bivalve_reef" class="mw-redirect" title="Bivalve reef">Bivalve reef</a></li>

<li><a href="Mangrove_forest" title="Mangrove forest">Mangrove forest</a></li>

<li><a href="Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Coral reef</a></li>

<li><a href="Seagrass_meadow" title="Seagrass meadow">Seagrass meadow</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Deep

<ul><li><a href="Seamount" title="Seamount">Seamount</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">Hydrothermal vent</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Communities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Benthic_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Benthic fish">Benthic fish</a></li>

<li><a href="Benthopelagic_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Benthopelagic fish">Benthopelagic fish</a></li>

<li><a href="Bottom_feeder" title="Bottom feeder">Bottom feeder</a></li>

<li><a href="Deep_sea_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Deep sea communities">Deep sea communities</a></li>

<li><a href="Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">Demersal fish</a></li>

<li><a href="Intertidal_ecology" title="Intertidal ecology">Intertidal ecology</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydrothermal_vent_microbial_communities" title="Hydrothermal vent microbial communities">Hydrothermal vent microbial communities</a></li></ul>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist">

<ul><li><a href="Epibenthic_sled" title="Epibenthic sled">Epibenthic sled</a></li>

<li><a href="Van_Veen_grab_sampler" title="Van Veen grab sampler">Van Veen grab sampler</a></li>

<li><a href="Bioirrigation" title="Bioirrigation">Bioirrigation</a></li>

<li><a href="Bioturbation" title="Bioturbation">Bioturbation</a></li>

<li><a href="Demersal_zone" title="Demersal zone">Demersal zone</a></li>

<li><a href="Marine_sediment" title="Marine sediment">Marine sediment</a></li></ul>

</div></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="background-color: #82C3D8; border-color: #A2B8BF">

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Portal%3AMarine_life" title="Portal:Marine life">Marine life portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

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<p>Tide pools provide a home for many organisms such as <a href="Sea_stars" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea stars">sea stars</a>, <a href="Mussel" title="Mussel">mussels</a> and <a href="Clam" title="Clam">clams</a>. Inhabitants deal with a frequently changing <a href="Biophysical_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Biophysical environment">environment</a>: fluctuations in water <a href="Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a>, salinity, and <a href="Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> content. Hazards include <a href="Wind_wave" title="Wind wave">waves</a>, strong <a href="Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">currents</a>, exposure to midday sun and predators.

</p><p><a href="Wave" title="Wave">Waves</a> can dislodge mussels and draw them out to sea. <a href="Gull" title="Gull">Gulls</a> pick up and drop <a href="Sea_urchin" title="Sea urchin">sea urchins</a> to break them open. Sea stars prey on mussels and are eaten by gulls themselves. <a href="American_Black_Bear" class="mw-redirect" title="American Black Bear">Black bears</a> are known to sometimes feast on intertidal creatures at low tide.<sup id="cite_ref-Botanical_Beach_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Botanical_Beach-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although tide pool organisms must avoid getting washed away into the <a href="Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a>, drying up in the sun, or being eaten, they depend on the tide pool's constant changes for food.<sup id="cite_ref-NPCA_Tide_pools_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPCA_Tide_pools-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tide pools contain complex <a href="Food_web" title="Food web">food webs</a> that can vary based on the climate.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fauna">Fauna</h3></div>

<p>The <a href="Sea_anemone" title="Sea anemone">sea anemone</a> <i><a href="Anthopleura_elegantissima" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthopleura elegantissima">Anthopleura elegantissima</a></i> reproduces clones of itself through a process of longitudinal <a href="Fission_(biology)" title="Fission (biology)">fission</a>, in which the animal splits into two parts along its length.<sup id="cite_ref-Sea_Anemones_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sea_Anemones-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

The sea anemone <i><a href="Anthopleura_sola" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthopleura sola">Anthopleura sola</a></i> often engages in territorial fights. The white tentacles (acrorhagi), which contain stinging cells, are for fighting. The sea anemones sting each other repeatedly until one of them moves.<sup id="cite_ref-Snakelocks_Anemone_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snakelocks_Anemone-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Some species of sea stars can <a href="Regeneration_(biology)" title="Regeneration (biology)">regenerate</a> lost arms. Most species must retain an intact central part of the body to be able to regenerate, but a few can regrow from a single ray. The regeneration of these stars is possible because the vital organs are in the arms.<sup id="cite_ref-Biology:Regeneration_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biology:Regeneration-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Sea urchins ("Echinoidia") move around tide pools with tube like feet. Different species of <a href="Urchin_barren" title="Urchin barren">urchin</a> have different colors, and many are seen in tide pools. With <a href="Spine_(zoology)" title="Spine (zoology)">spines</a>, some filled with poison like with "Toxopnesutes pileolus", that protect them from predators they feed almost undisturbed in tide pools. <a href="Algae" title="Algae">Algae</a> and other microorganism are the food sources that attract them to the tide pools.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The presence of the <a href="California_mussel" title="California mussel">California mussel</a> increases the supply of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus in coastal marine tide pools which allows the ecosystem the nutrients to be more productive.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shell of a California mussel is primarily composed of <a href="Aragonite" title="Aragonite">Aragonite</a> and <a href="Calcite" title="Calcite">Calcite</a> which are both polymorphs of <a href="Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">Calcium carbonate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Climate change and ocean acidification has led to a decrease in these amounts important compounds in California Mussel shells over many years.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Lichen" title="Lichen">Lichens</a> and <a href="Barnacle" title="Barnacle">barnacles</a> live in the splash zone.<sup id="cite_ref-NPCA_Tide_pools_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPCA_Tide_pools-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different <a href="Barnacle" title="Barnacle">barnacle</a> <a href="Species" title="Species">species</a> live at very tightly constrained elevations, with tidal conditions precisely determining the exact height of an assemblage relative to sea level. The intertidal zone is periodically exposed to sun and wind, conditions that can cause barnacles to become <a href="Desiccation" title="Desiccation">desiccated</a>. These animals, therefore, need to be well adapted to water loss. Their <a href="Calcite" title="Calcite">calcite</a> shells are impermeable, and they possess two <a href="Plate_(anatomy)" title="Plate (anatomy)">plates</a> which they slide across their mouth opening when not feeding. These plates also protect against predation.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<p>Many species of <a href="Hermit_crab" title="Hermit crab">Hermit crab</a> are commonly found in tide pool environments. The long-wristed hermit crab (<a href="Pagurus_longicarpus" title="Pagurus longicarpus">Pagurus longicarpus</a>) has been found to become stranded in tide pools and are forced to inhabit gastropod shells in response to the rapidly changing temperature of the pools.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hermit crabs of different or the same species compete for the snail shells that are available.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Many fish species can live in tidepools. Tidepool fishes are those inhabiting the intertidal zone during part or the entirety of their life cycle, including residents displaying morphological, physiological and behavioral adaptations to withstand the fluctuating environment and non-residents that use the intertidal as juvenile habitat, feeding or refuge ground, or as transient space between nearshore areas.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tidepools fishes can be classified as residents and non-residents (sometimes called transients or visitors).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Residents are those that spend the whole lifetime in the tidepools.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-resident species are commonly divided into two groups: secondary residents (also known as partial residents or opportunists) and transients (which can be further classified as tidal and seasonal transients). Secondary residents are species that spend only a portion of their life history in tidepools, typically during their juvenile stage, before moving on to adult subtidal habitats.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Transients, on the other hand, may temporarily inhabit tidepools for various reasons such as foraging, seeking refuge, or transit. Unlike residents, transients lack specialized adaptations for intertidal life and typically occupy large tidepools for a relatively short period, ranging from a single tidal cycle to a few months.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="Tidepool_sculpin" title="Tidepool sculpin">Tidepool sculpin</a> is a species of fish that is named for its tide pool habitat. The Tidepool Sculpin has been found to show preferences for certain tide pools and will return to their tide pool of choice after being removed from it.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is a behavior known as <a href="Homing_(biology)" title="Homing (biology)">Homing (biology)</a>. These fish crawl on the floor of tide pools using a back and forth movement of their tail fin and a rotating motion of their pectoral fins.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Multiple species of Amphipods (<a href="Amphipoda" title="Amphipoda">Amphipoda</a>) can be found in coastal tide pools. These small crustaceans provide an important food source for predator species as well as limiting the growth of algae attached to vegetation.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora">Flora</h3></div>

<p>Sea palms (<i><a href="Postelsia" title="Postelsia">Postelsia</a></i>) look similar to miniature <a href="Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">palm trees</a>. They live in the middle to upper intertidal zones in areas with greater wave action. High wave action may increase nutrient availability and moves the blades of the <a href="Thallus" title="Thallus">thallus</a>, allowing more sunlight to reach the organism so that it can photosynthesize. In addition, the constant wave action removes competitors, such as the mussel species <i><a href="Mytilus_californianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mytilus californianus">Mytilus californianus</a></i>.

</p><p>Recent studies have shown that <i>Postelsia</i> grows in greater numbers when such competition exists; a control group with no competition produced fewer offspring than an experimental group with mussels; from this it is thought that the mussels provide protection for the developing <a href="Gametophytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Gametophytes">gametophytes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-seasonalpatterns_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seasonalpatterns-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively, the mussels may prevent the growth of competing <a href="Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> such as <i><a href="Corallina" title="Corallina">Corallina</a></i> or <i><a href="Halosaccion" title="Halosaccion">Halosaccion</a></i>, allowing <i>Postelsia</i> to grow freely after wave action has eliminated the mussels.<sup id="cite_ref-habitat_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-habitat-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Coralline algae "Corallinales" are predominant features of mid and low intertidal <a href="Tide_pools" class="mw-redirect" title="Tide pools">tide pools</a>. <a href="Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">Calcium carbonate</a> (CaCO<sub>3</sub>) takes the form of calcite in their cell walls providing them with a hard outer shell. This shell protects from herbivores and <a href="Desiccation" title="Desiccation">desiccation</a> due to lack of water and evaporation. Many forms of the Coralline algae bring herbivores, such as mollusks "Notoacmea", to the tide pools during high tides, increasing the biomass of the area. Once low tides comes, these herbivores are exposed to carnivores in the areas, fueling the food web.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="gallerytext">A starburst anemone <i>(<a href="Anthopleura_sola" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthopleura sola">Anthopleura sola</a>)</i> consuming a by-the-wind-sailor <i>(<a href="Velella_velella" class="mw-redirect" title="Velella velella">Velella velella</a>),</i> a blue <a href="Hydrozoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrozoan">hydrozoan</a></div>

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<div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="Postelsia_palmaeformis" class="mw-redirect" title="Postelsia palmaeformis">Postelsia palmaeformis</a></i> at low tide in a tide pool</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext">Sea star, <i><a href="Pisaster_ochraceus" title="Pisaster ochraceus">Pisaster ochraceus</a></i> consuming a mussel in tide pools</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Sea anemones, <i><a href="Anthopleura_sola" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthopleura sola">Anthopleura sola</a></i> engaged in a battle for territory</div>

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<div class="gallerytext">Temporary tide pool at an extreme low tide, <a href="Kachemak_Bay" title="Kachemak Bay">Kachemak Bay</a>, Alaska</div>

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</ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coastal_predators">Coastal predators</h3></div>

<p>Tide pools are often surrounded by coastal predators who feed on tide pool flora and fauna. These predators play an important role in the tide pool <a href="Food_web" title="Food web">food web</a> and create competition for resources.

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Intertidal_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Intertidal fish">Intertidal fish</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_British_Isles_rockpool_life" title="List of British Isles rockpool life">List of British Isles rockpool life</a></li>

<li><a href="Rocky_shore" title="Rocky shore">Rocky shore</a></li>

<li><a href="Long_Reef_(New_South_Wales)#Intertidal_rock_pools" title="Long Reef (New South Wales)">Sydney inter-tidal rock pools</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBromley2024" class="citation web cs1">Bromley, Freya (September 15, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cntraveller.com/article/most-beautiful-tidal-pools-uk">"The UK's most beautiful tidal pools"</a>. <i>CN Traveller</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 2,</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-:1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/subjects/oceans/intertidal.htm">"Intertidal - Oceans, Coasts & Seashores (U.S. National Park Service)"</a>. <i>www.nps.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 26,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060907004331/http://homepage.ntlworld.com/oliver.merrington/lidos/lidos4.htm">Tidal swimming pools in Britain</a></li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Aquatic_ecosystems487" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Aquatic_ecosystems487" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">Aquatic ecosystems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="General_components_and_freshwater_ecosystems487" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">General components and <a href="Freshwater_ecosystem" title="Freshwater ecosystem">freshwater ecosystems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Acoustic_ecology" title="Acoustic ecology">Acoustic ecology</a></li>

<li><a href="Algal_bloom" title="Algal bloom">Algal bloom</a></li>

<li><a href="Anoxic_waters" title="Anoxic waters">Anoxic waters</a></li>

<li><a href="Aquatic_adaptation" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquatic adaptation">Aquatic adaptation</a></li>

<li><a href="Aquatic_animal" title="Aquatic animal">Aquatic animal</a>

<ul><li><a href="Aquatic_insect" title="Aquatic insect">Insect</a></li>

<li><a href="Aquatic_mammal" title="Aquatic mammal">Mammal</a></li>

<li><a href="Water_bird" title="Water bird">Water bird</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Aquatic_biomonitoring" title="Aquatic biomonitoring">Aquatic biomonitoring</a></li>

<li><a href="Aquatic_plant" title="Aquatic plant">Aquatic plant</a></li>

<li><a href="Agent-based_model_in_biology#Aquatic_population_dynamics" title="Agent-based model in biology">Aquatic population dynamics</a></li>

<li><a href="Aquatic_predation" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquatic predation">Aquatic predation</a></li>

<li><a href="Aquatic_respiration" title="Aquatic respiration">Aquatic respiration</a></li>

<li><a href="Aquatic_science" title="Aquatic science">Aquatic science</a></li>

<li><a href="Aquatic_toxicology" title="Aquatic toxicology">Aquatic toxicology</a></li>

<li><a href="Benthos" title="Benthos">Benthos</a></li>

<li><a href="Bioluminescence" title="Bioluminescence">Bioluminescence</a></li>

<li><a href="Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">Biomass</a></li>

<li><a href="Cascade_effect_(ecology)" title="Cascade effect (ecology)">Cascade effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Colored_dissolved_organic_matter" title="Colored dissolved organic matter">Colored dissolved organic matter</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecohydrology" title="Ecohydrology">Ecohydrology</a></li>

<li><a href="Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">Eutrophication</a></li>

<li><a href="Fisheries_science" title="Fisheries science">Fisheries science</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_chain" title="Food chain">Food chain</a></li>

<li><a href="GIS_and_aquatic_science" title="GIS and aquatic science">GIS and aquatic science</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydrobiology" title="Hydrobiology">Hydrobiology</a></li>

<li><a href="Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">Hypoxia</a></li>

<li><a href="Macrobenthos" title="Macrobenthos">Macrobenthos</a></li>

<li><a href="Meiobenthos" title="Meiobenthos">Meiobenthos</a></li>

<li><a href="Microbial_ecology" title="Microbial ecology">Microbial ecology</a></li>

<li><a href="Microbial_food_web" title="Microbial food web">Microbial food web</a></li>

<li><a href="Microbial_loop" title="Microbial loop">Microbial loop</a></li>

<li><a href="Nekton" title="Nekton">Nekton</a></li>

<li><a href="Neuston" title="Neuston">Neuston</a></li>

<li><a href="Particle_(ecology)" title="Particle (ecology)">Particle</a></li>

<li><a href="Pelagic_zone" title="Pelagic zone">Pelagic zone</a></li>

<li><a href="Photic_zone" title="Photic zone">Photic zone</a></li>

<li><a href="Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">Phytoplankton</a></li>

<li><a href="Plankton" title="Plankton">Plankton</a></li>

<li><a href="Pleuston" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleuston">Pleuston</a></li>

<li><a href="Productivity_(ecology)" title="Productivity (ecology)">Productivity</a></li>

<li><a href="Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar Convention</a></li>

<li><a href="Sediment_trap" title="Sediment trap">Sediment trap</a></li>

<li><a href="Semiaquatic" title="Semiaquatic">Semiaquatic</a></li>

<li><a href="Shoaling_and_schooling" title="Shoaling and schooling">Shoaling and schooling</a></li>

<li><a href="Siltation" title="Siltation">Siltation</a></li>

<li><a href="Spawn_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spawn (biology)">Spawn</a></li>

<li><a href="Isotope_analysis#Stable_isotope_analysis_in_aquatic_ecosystems" title="Isotope analysis">Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems</a></li>

<li><a href="Stream_metabolism" title="Stream metabolism">Stream metabolism</a></li>

<li><a href="Substrate_(marine_biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Substrate (marine biology)">Substrate</a></li>

<li><a href="Thermal_pollution" title="Thermal pollution">Thermal pollution</a></li>

<li><a href="Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">Trophic level</a></li>

<li><a href="Underwater_camouflage" title="Underwater camouflage">Underwater camouflage</a></li>

<li><a href="Water_column" title="Water column">Water column</a></li>

<li><a href="Zooplankton" title="Zooplankton">Zooplankton</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Freshwater</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Freshwater_biology" title="Freshwater biology">Freshwater biology</a></li>

<li><a href="Freshwater_biome" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater biome">Freshwater biome</a></li>

<li><a href="Freshwater_environmental_quality_parameters" title="Freshwater environmental quality parameters">Freshwater environmental quality parameters</a></li>

<li><a href="Freshwater_fish" title="Freshwater fish">Freshwater fish</a></li>

<li><a href="Hyporheic_zone" title="Hyporheic zone">Hyporheic zone</a></li>

<li><a href="Limnology" title="Limnology">Limnology</a></li>

<li><a href="Lake_ecosystem" title="Lake ecosystem">Lake ecosystem</a></li>

<li><a href="Lake_stratification" title="Lake stratification">Lake stratification</a></li>

<li><a href="Macrophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrophyte">Macrophyte</a></li>

<li><a href="Rheotaxis" title="Rheotaxis">Rheotaxis</a></li>

<li><a href="River" title="River">River</a>

<ul><li><a href="River_ecosystem" title="River ecosystem">Ecosystem</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Stream_bed" title="Stream bed">Stream bed</a></li>

<li><a href="Stream_pool" title="Stream pool">Stream pool</a></li>

<li><a href="Trophic_state_index" title="Trophic state index">Trophic state index</a></li>

<li><a href="Upland_and_lowland" title="Upland and lowland">Upland and lowland</a></li>

<li><a href="Water_garden" title="Water garden">Water garden</a></li>

<li><a href="Wetland" title="Wetland">Wetland</a>

<li><a href="Brackish_marsh" title="Brackish marsh">Brackish marsh</a></li>

<li><a href="Freshwater_marsh" title="Freshwater marsh">Freshwater marsh</a></li>

<li><a href="Freshwater_swamp_forest" title="Freshwater swamp forest">Freshwater swamp forest</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ecoregions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_freshwater_ecoregions_(WWF)" title="List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)">List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_freshwater_ecoregions_in_Africa_and_Madagascar" title="List of freshwater ecoregions in Africa and Madagascar">Africa and Madagascar</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_freshwater_ecoregions_of_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="List of freshwater ecoregions of Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_marine_ecoregions" title="List of marine ecoregions">List of marine ecoregions</a></li>

<li>Specific examples

<ul><li><a href="Geography_and_ecology_of_the_Everglades" title="Geography and ecology of the Everglades">Everglades</a></li>

<li><a href="Freshwater_ecology_of_Maharashtra" title="Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecosystem_of_the_North_Pacific_Subtropical_Gyre" title="Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre">North Pacific Subtropical Gyre</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecology_of_the_San_Francisco_Estuary" title="Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary">San Francisco Estuary</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Marine_ecosystems_(components)487" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Marine_ecosystem" title="Marine ecosystem">Marine ecosystems</a> (components)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Deep_scattering_layer" title="Deep scattering layer">Deep scattering layer</a></li>

<li><a href="Diel_vertical_migration" title="Diel vertical migration">Diel vertical migration</a></li>

<li><a href="F-ratio_(oceanography)" title="F-ratio (oceanography)">f-ratio</a></li>

<li><a href="Iron_fertilization" title="Iron fertilization">Iron fertilization</a></li>

<li><a href="Large_marine_ecosystem" class="mw-redirect" title="Large marine ecosystem">Large marine ecosystem</a></li>

<li><a href="Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">Marine biology</a></li>

<li><a href="Marine_chemistry" title="Marine chemistry">Marine chemistry</a></li>

<li><a href="Marine_food_web" title="Marine food web">Marine food web</a></li>

<li><a href="Marine_primary_production" title="Marine primary production">Marine primary production</a></li>

<li><a href="Marine_snow" title="Marine snow">Marine snow</a></li>

<li><a href="Ocean_fertilization" title="Ocean fertilization">Ocean fertilization</a></li>

<li><a href="Oceanic_physical-biological_process" title="Oceanic physical-biological process">Oceanic physical-biological process</a></li>

<li><a href="Ocean_turbidity" title="Ocean turbidity">Ocean turbidity</a></li>

<li><a href="Photophore" title="Photophore">Photophore</a></li>

<li><a href="Thorson's_rule" title="Thorson's rule">Thorson's rule</a></li>

<li><a href="Upwelling" title="Upwelling">Upwelling</a></li>

<li><a href="Viral_shunt" title="Viral shunt">Viral shunt</a></li>

<li><a href="Whale_fall" title="Whale fall">Whale fall</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Marine_life" title="Marine life">Marine life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Census_of_Marine_Life" title="Census of Marine Life">Census of Marine Life</a></li>

<li><a href="Deep-sea_community" title="Deep-sea community">Deep-sea community</a></li>

<li><a href="Deep-water_coral" title="Deep-water coral">Deep-water coral</a></li>

<li><a href="Marine_fungi" title="Marine fungi">Marine fungi</a></li>

<li><a href="Marine_invertebrates" title="Marine invertebrates">Marine invertebrates</a></li>

<li><a href="Marine_larval_ecology" title="Marine larval ecology">Marine larval ecology</a></li>

<li><a href="Seagrass" title="Seagrass">Seagrass</a></li>

<li><a href="Seashore_wildlife" title="Seashore wildlife">Seashore wildlife</a></li>

<li><a href="Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">Wild fisheries</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Marine_microorganisms" title="Marine microorganisms">Microorganisms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Marine_bacteriophage" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine bacteriophage">Marine bacteriophage</a></li>

<li><a href="Marine_prokaryotes" title="Marine prokaryotes">Marine prokaryotes</a></li>

<li><a href="Marine_protists" title="Marine protists">Marine protists</a></li>

<li><a href="Marine_viruses" title="Marine viruses">Marine viruses</a></li>

<li><a href="Paradox_of_the_plankton" title="Paradox of the plankton">Paradox of the plankton</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Marine_vertebrate" title="Marine vertebrate">Vertebrates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Marine_mammal" title="Marine mammal">Marine mammal</a></li>

<li><a href="Marine_reptile" title="Marine reptile">Marine reptile</a></li>

<li><a href="Saltwater_fish" title="Saltwater fish">Saltwater fish</a>

<ul><li><a href="Coastal_fish" title="Coastal fish">Coastal fish</a></li>

<li><a href="Coral_reef_fish" title="Coral reef fish">Coral reef fish</a></li>

<li><a href="Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">Demersal fish</a></li>

<li><a href="Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">Pelagic fish</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Seabird" title="Seabird">Seabird</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Marine_habitat" title="Marine habitat">Marine habitats</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Marine_coastal_ecosystem" title="Marine coastal ecosystem">Marine coastal ecosystem</a></li>

<li><a href="Coastal_biogeomorphology" title="Coastal biogeomorphology">Coastal biogeomorphology</a></li>

<li><a href="Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Coral reef</a></li>

<li><a href="Davidson_Seamount#Ecology" title="Davidson Seamount">Davidson Seamount § Ecology</a></li>

<li><a href="Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuary</a></li>

<li><a href="Intertidal_ecology" title="Intertidal ecology">Intertidal ecology</a></li>

<li><a href="Intertidal_wetland" title="Intertidal wetland">Intertidal wetland</a></li>

<li><a href="Kelp_forest" title="Kelp forest">Kelp forest</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">Hydrothermal vent</a></li>

<li><a href="Lagoon" title="Lagoon">Lagoon</a></li>

<li><a href="Mangrove" title="Mangrove">Mangrove</a></li>

<li><a href="Marine_biomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine biomes">Marine biomes</a></li>

<li><a href="Mudflat" title="Mudflat">Mudflat</a></li>

<li><a href="Oyster_reef" title="Oyster reef">Oyster reef</a></li>

<li><a href="Rocky_shore" title="Rocky shore">Rocky shore</a></li>

<li><a href="Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">Salt marsh</a></li>

<li><a href="Salt_pannes_and_pools" title="Salt pannes and pools">Salt pannes and pools</a></li>

<li><a href="Seagrass_meadow" title="Seagrass meadow">Seagrass meadow</a></li>

<li><a href="Sponge_ground" title="Sponge ground">Sponge ground</a></li>

<li><a href="Sponge_reef" title="Sponge reef">Sponge reef</a></li>

</ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Marine_conservation" title="Marine conservation">Conservation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Coral_bleaching" title="Coral bleaching">Coral bleaching</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecological_values_of_mangroves" title="Ecological values of mangroves">Ecological values of mangroves</a></li>

<li><a href="Fisheries_and_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisheries and climate change">Fisheries and climate change</a></li>

<li><a href="Hotspot_Ecosystem_Research_and_Man's_Impact_On_European_Seas" title="Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas">HERMIONE</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_impact_on_marine_life" title="Human impact on marine life">Human impact on marine life</a></li>

<li><a href="Marine_conservation_activism" title="Marine conservation activism">Marine conservation activism</a></li>

<li><a href="Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine pollution</a></li>

<li><a href="Marine_protected_area" title="Marine protected area">Marine protected area</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Portal%3ALakes" title="Portal:Lakes">Lakes portal</a></span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> </span><a href="Portal%3AOceans" title="Portal:Oceans">Oceans portal</a></span></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Coastal_geography264" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Coastal_geography264" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Coastal_geography" title="Coastal geography">Coastal geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Landform" title="Landform">Landforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anchialine_system" title="Anchialine system">Anchialine pool</a></li>

<li><a href="Archipelago" title="Archipelago">Archipelago</a></li>

<li><a href="Atoll" title="Atoll">Atoll</a></li>

<li><a href="Avulsion_(river)" title="Avulsion (river)">Avulsion</a></li>

<li><a href="Barrier_island" title="Barrier island">Barrier island</a></li>

<li><a href="Bight_(geography)" title="Bight (geography)">Bight</a></li>

<li><a href="Bodden" title="Bodden">Bodden</a></li>

<li><a href="Brackish_marsh" title="Brackish marsh">Brackish marsh</a></li>

<li><a href="Channel_(geography)" title="Channel (geography)">Channel</a></li>

<li><a href="Cliff" title="Cliff">Cliff</a></li>

<li><a href="Coast" title="Coast">Coast</a></li>

<li><a href="Coastal_plain" title="Coastal plain">Coastal plain</a></li>

<li><a href="Coastal_waterfall" title="Coastal waterfall">Coastal waterfall</a></li>

<li><a href="Continental_margin" title="Continental margin">Continental margin</a></li>

<li><a href="Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">Continental shelf</a></li>

<li><a href="Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Coral reef</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Cliff-top_dune" title="Cliff-top dune">cliff-top</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuary</a></li>

<li><a href="Firth" title="Firth">Firth</a></li>

<li><a href="Fjard" title="Fjard">Fjard</a></li>

<li><a href="Fjord" title="Fjord">Fjord</a></li>

<li><a href="Freshwater_marsh" title="Freshwater marsh">Freshwater marsh</a></li>

<li><a href="Fundus_(seabed)" title="Fundus (seabed)">Fundus</a></li>

<li><a href="Hapua" title="Hapua">Hapua</a></li>

<li><a href="Headland" title="Headland">Headland</a></li>

<li><a href="Inlet" title="Inlet">Inlet</a></li>

<li><a href="Intertidal_wetland" title="Intertidal wetland">Intertidal wetland</a></li>

<li><a href="Island" title="Island">Island</a></li>

<li><a href="Islet" title="Islet">Islet</a></li>

<li><a href="Isthmus" title="Isthmus">Isthmus</a></li>

<li><a href="Liman_(landform)" title="Liman (landform)">Liman</a></li>

<li><a href="Lagoon" title="Lagoon">Lagoon</a></li>

<li><a href="Machair" title="Machair">Machair</a></li>

<li><a href="Mudflat" title="Mudflat">Mudflat</a></li>

<li><a href="Natural_arch" title="Natural arch">Natural arch</a></li>

<li><a href="Peninsula" title="Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li>

<li><a href="Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">Salt marsh</a></li>

<li><a href="Shoal" title="Shoal">Shoal</a></li>

<li><a href="Skerry" title="Skerry">Skerry</a></li>

<li><a href="Sound_(geography)" title="Sound (geography)">Sound</a></li>

<li><a href="Stack_(geology)" title="Stack (geology)">Stack</a></li>

<li><a href="Strait" title="Strait">Strait</a></li>

<li><a href="Strand_plain" title="Strand plain">Strand plain</a></li>

<li><a href="Submarine_canyon" title="Submarine canyon">Submarine canyon</a></li>

<li><a href="Tidal_island" title="Tidal island">Tidal island</a></li>

<li><a href="Tidal_marsh" title="Tidal marsh">Tidal marsh</a></li>

<li><a href="Tied_island" title="Tied island">Tied island</a></li>

<li><a href="Tombolo" title="Tombolo">Tombolo</a></li>

<li><a href="Waituna" title="Waituna">Waituna</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Windwatt" title="Windwatt">Windwatt</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span><br><br><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Beach" title="Beach">Beaches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Beach_cusps" title="Beach cusps">Beach cusps</a></li>

<li><a href="Beach_evolution" title="Beach evolution">Beach evolution</a></li>

<li><a href="Beach_ridge" title="Beach ridge">Beach ridge</a></li>

<li><a href="Beach_wrack" title="Beach wrack">Beach wrack</a></li>

<li><a href="Beaches_in_estuaries_and_bays" title="Beaches in estuaries and bays">Beaches in estuaries and bays</a></li>

<li><a href="Beachrock" title="Beachrock">Beachrock</a></li>

<li><a href="Coastal_morphodynamics" title="Coastal morphodynamics">Coastal morphodynamics</a></li>

<li><a href="Pocket_beach" title="Pocket beach">Pocket beach</a></li>

<li><a href="Raised_beach" title="Raised beach">Raised beach</a></li>

<li><a href="Modern_recession_of_beaches" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern recession of beaches">Recession</a></li>

<li><a href="Seashell" title="Seashell">Shell beach</a></li>

<li><a href="Shingle_beach" title="Shingle beach">Shingle beach</a></li>

<li><a href="Storm_beach" title="Storm beach">Storm beach</a></li>

<li><a href="Wash_margin" title="Wash margin">Wash margin</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="River_mouth" title="River mouth">River mouths</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Debouch" title="Debouch">Debouch</a></li>

<li><a href="Mouth_bar" title="Mouth bar">Mouth bar</a></li>

<li><a href="River_delta" title="River delta">River delta</a>

<li><a href="Regressive_delta" title="Regressive delta">regressive</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Large-scale_coastal_behaviour" title="Large-scale coastal behaviour">Processes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Blowhole_(geology)" title="Blowhole (geology)">Blowhole</a></li>

<li><a href="Cliffed_coast" title="Cliffed coast">Cliffed coast</a></li>

<li><a href="Coastal_biogeomorphology" title="Coastal biogeomorphology">Coastal biogeomorphology</a></li>

<li><a href="Coastal_erosion" title="Coastal erosion">Coastal erosion</a></li>

<li><a href="Concordant_coastline" title="Concordant coastline">Concordant coastline</a></li>

<li><a href="Current_(hydrology)" title="Current (hydrology)">Current</a></li>

<li><a href="Cuspate_foreland" title="Cuspate foreland">Cuspate foreland</a></li>

<li><a href="Discordant_coastline" title="Discordant coastline">Discordant coastline</a></li>

<li><a href="Emergent_coastline" title="Emergent coastline">Emergent coastline</a></li>

<li><a href="Feeder_bluff" title="Feeder bluff">Feeder bluff</a></li>

<li><a href="Flat_coast" title="Flat coast">Flat coast</a></li>

<li><a href="Graded_shoreline" title="Graded shoreline">Graded shoreline</a></li>

<li><a href="Ingression_coast" title="Ingression coast">Ingression coast</a></li>

<li><a href="Large-scale_coastal_behaviour" title="Large-scale coastal behaviour">Large-scale coastal behaviour</a></li>

<li><a href="Longshore_drift" title="Longshore drift">Longshore drift</a></li>

<li><a href="Marine_regression" title="Marine regression">Marine regression</a></li>

<li><a href="Marine_transgression" title="Marine transgression">Marine transgression</a></li>

<li><a href="Raised_shoreline" title="Raised shoreline">Raised shoreline</a></li>

<li><a href="Rip_current" title="Rip current">Rip current</a></li>

<li><a href="Rocky_shore" title="Rocky shore">Rocky shore</a></li>

<li><a href="Shoal" title="Shoal">Shoal</a>

<ul><li><a href="Peresyp" title="Peresyp">peresyp</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Steep_coast" title="Steep coast">Steep coast</a></li>

<li><a href="Submergent_coastline" title="Submergent coastline">Submergent coastline</a></li>

<li><a href="Surf_break" title="Surf break">Surf break</a></li>

<li><a href="Surge_channel" title="Surge channel">Surge channel</a></li>

<li><a href="Swash" title="Swash">Swash</a></li>

<li><a href="Undertow_(water_waves)" title="Undertow (water waves)">Undertow</a></li>

<li><a href="Volcanic_arc" title="Volcanic arc">Volcanic arc</a></li>

<li><a href="Wave-cut_platform" title="Wave-cut platform">Wave-cut platform</a></li>

<li><a href="Wave_shoaling" title="Wave shoaling">Wave shoaling</a></li>

<li><a href="Wind_fetch" title="Wind fetch">Wind fetch</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Coastal_management" title="Coastal management">Management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Accretion_(coastal_management)" title="Accretion (coastal management)">Accretion</a></li>

<li><a href="Coastal_management" title="Coastal management">Coastal management</a></li>

<li><a href="Integrated_coastal_zone_management" title="Integrated coastal zone management">Integrated coastal zone management</a></li>

<li><a href="Submersion_(coastal_management)" title="Submersion (coastal management)">Submersion</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bulkhead_line" title="Bulkhead line">Bulkhead line</a></li>

<li><a href="Coastal_engineering" title="Coastal engineering">Coastal engineering</a></li>

<li><a href="Grain_size" title="Grain size">Grain size</a>

<ul><li><a href="Boulder" title="Boulder">boulder</a></li>

<li><a href="Cobble_(geology)" title="Cobble (geology)">cobble</a></li>

<li><a href="Granule_(geology)" title="Granule (geology)">granule</a></li>

<li><a href="Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a></li>

<li><a href="Pebble" title="Pebble">pebble</a></li>

<li><a href="Shingle_beach" title="Shingle beach">shingle</a></li>

<li><a href="Intertidal_zone" title="Intertidal zone">Intertidal zone</a></li>

<li><a href="Littoral_zone" title="Littoral zone">Littoral zone</a></li>

<li><a href="Physical_oceanography" title="Physical oceanography">Physical oceanography</a></li>

<li><a href="Region_of_freshwater_influence" title="Region of freshwater influence">Region of freshwater influence</a></li>

<li><a href="River_plume" title="River plume">River plume</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ecology:_Modelling_ecosystems:_Trophic_components279" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ecology:_Modelling_ecosystems:_Trophic_components279" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a>: <a href="Ecosystem_model" title="Ecosystem model">Modelling ecosystems</a>: <a href="Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">Trophic</a> components</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abiotic_component" title="Abiotic component">Abiotic component</a></li>

<li><a href="Abiotic_stress" title="Abiotic stress">Abiotic stress</a></li>

<li><a href="Behavioral_ecology" title="Behavioral ecology">Behaviour</a></li>

<li><a href="Biogeochemical_cycle" title="Biogeochemical cycle">Biogeochemical cycle</a></li>

<li><a href="Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">Biomass</a></li>

<li><a href="Biotic_component" class="mw-redirect" title="Biotic component">Biotic component</a></li>

<li><a href="Biotic_stress" title="Biotic stress">Biotic stress</a></li>

<li><a href="Carrying_capacity" title="Carrying capacity">Carrying capacity</a></li>

<li><a href="Competition_(biology)" title="Competition (biology)">Competition</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">Ecosystem</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecosystem_ecology" title="Ecosystem ecology">Ecosystem ecology</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecosystem_model" title="Ecosystem model">Ecosystem model</a></li>

<li><a href="Green_world_hypothesis" title="Green world hypothesis">Green world hypothesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Keystone_species" title="Keystone species">Keystone species</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_feeding_behaviours" title="List of feeding behaviours">List of feeding behaviours</a></li>

<li><a href="Metabolic_theory_of_ecology" title="Metabolic theory of ecology">Metabolic theory of ecology</a></li>

<li><a href="Productivity_(ecology)" title="Productivity (ecology)">Productivity</a></li>

<li><a href="Resource_(biology)" title="Resource (biology)">Resource</a></li>

<li><a href="Restoration_ecology" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration ecology">Restoration</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="Autotroph" title="Autotroph">Producers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Autotroph" title="Autotroph">Autotrophs</a></li>

<li><a href="Chemosynthesis" title="Chemosynthesis">Chemosynthesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Chemotroph" title="Chemotroph">Chemotrophs</a></li>

<li><a href="Foundation_species" title="Foundation species">Foundation species</a></li>

<li><a href="Kinetotroph" title="Kinetotroph">Kinetotrophs</a></li>

<li><a href="Mixotroph" title="Mixotroph">Mixotrophs</a></li>

<li><a href="Myco-heterotrophy" title="Myco-heterotrophy">Myco-heterotrophy</a></li>

<li><a href="Mycotroph" title="Mycotroph">Mycotroph</a></li>

<li><a href="Organotroph" title="Organotroph">Organotrophs</a></li>

<li><a href="Photoheterotroph" title="Photoheterotroph">Photoheterotrophs</a></li>

<li><a href="Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Photosynthetic_efficiency" title="Photosynthetic efficiency">Photosynthetic efficiency</a></li>

<li><a href="Phototroph" title="Phototroph">Phototrophs</a></li>

<li><a href="Primary_nutritional_groups" title="Primary nutritional groups">Primary nutritional groups</a></li>

<li><a href="Primary_production" title="Primary production">Primary production</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="Consumer_(food_chain)" title="Consumer (food chain)">Consumers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Apex_predator" title="Apex predator">Apex predator</a></li>

<li><a href="Bacterivore" title="Bacterivore">Bacterivore</a></li>

<li><a href="Carnivore" title="Carnivore">Carnivores</a></li>

<li><a href="Chemoorganotroph" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemoorganotroph">Chemoorganotroph</a></li>

<li><a href="Foraging" title="Foraging">Foraging</a></li>

<li><a href="Generalist_and_specialist_species" title="Generalist and specialist species">Generalist and specialist species</a></li>

<li><a href="Intraguild_predation" title="Intraguild predation">Intraguild predation</a></li>

<li><a href="Herbivore" title="Herbivore">Herbivores</a></li>

<li><a href="Heterotroph" title="Heterotroph">Heterotroph</a></li>

<li><a href="Heterotrophic_nutrition" title="Heterotrophic nutrition">Heterotrophic nutrition</a></li>

<li><a href="Insectivore" title="Insectivore">Insectivore</a></li>

<li><a href="Mesopredator" title="Mesopredator">Mesopredators</a></li>

<li><a href="Mesopredator_release_hypothesis" title="Mesopredator release hypothesis">Mesopredator release hypothesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Omnivore" title="Omnivore">Omnivores</a></li>

<li><a href="Optimal_foraging_theory" title="Optimal foraging theory">Optimal foraging theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Planktivore" title="Planktivore">Planktivore</a></li>

<li><a href="Predation" title="Predation">Predation</a></li>

<li><a href="Prey_switching" title="Prey switching">Prey switching</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="Decomposer" title="Decomposer">Decomposers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chemoorganoheterotrophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemoorganoheterotrophy">Chemoorganoheterotrophy</a></li>

<li><a href="Decomposition" title="Decomposition">Decomposition</a></li>

<li><a href="Detritivore" title="Detritivore">Detritivores</a></li>

<li><a href="Detritus" title="Detritus">Detritus</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="Microorganism#Habitats_and_ecology" title="Microorganism">Microorganisms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a></li>

<li><a href="Bacteriophage" title="Bacteriophage">Bacteriophage</a></li>

<li><a href="Lithoautotroph" title="Lithoautotroph">Lithoautotroph</a></li>

<li><a href="Lithotroph" title="Lithotroph">Lithotrophy</a></li>

<li><a href="Marine_microorganisms" title="Marine microorganisms">Marine</a></li>

<li><a href="Microbial_cooperation" title="Microbial cooperation">Microbial cooperation</a></li>

<li><a href="Microbial_ecology" title="Microbial ecology">Microbial ecology</a></li>

<li><a href="Microbial_food_web" title="Microbial food web">Microbial food web</a></li>

<li><a href="Microbial_intelligence" title="Microbial intelligence">Microbial intelligence</a></li>

<li><a href="Microbial_loop" title="Microbial loop">Microbial loop</a></li>

<li><a href="Microbial_mat" title="Microbial mat">Microbial mat</a></li>

<li><a href="Microbial_metabolism" title="Microbial metabolism">Microbial metabolism</a></li>

<li><a href="Phage_ecology" title="Phage ecology">Phage ecology</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="Food_web" title="Food web">Food webs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Biomagnification" title="Biomagnification">Biomagnification</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecological_efficiency" title="Ecological efficiency">Ecological efficiency</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecological_pyramid" title="Ecological pyramid">Ecological pyramid</a></li>

<li><a href="Energy_flow_(ecology)" title="Energy flow (ecology)">Energy flow</a></li>

<li><a href="Food_chain" title="Food chain">Food chain</a></li>

<li><a href="Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">Trophic level</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Example webs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Lake_ecosystem#Trophic_relationships" title="Lake ecosystem">Lakes</a></li>

<li><a href="River_ecosystem#Trophic_relationships" title="River ecosystem">Rivers</a></li>

<li><a href="Tritrophic_interactions_in_plant_defense" title="Tritrophic interactions in plant defense">Tritrophic interactions in plant defense</a></li>

<li><a href="Marine_food_web" title="Marine food web">Marine food webs</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cold_seep" title="Cold seep">cold seeps</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydrothermal_vent#Biological_communities" title="Hydrothermal vent">hydrothermal vents</a></li>

<li><a href="Intertidal_ecology" title="Intertidal ecology">intertidal</a></li>

<li><a href="Kelp_forest#Trophic_ecology" title="Kelp forest">kelp forests</a></li>

<li><a href="North_Pacific_Gyre" title="North Pacific Gyre">North Pacific Gyre</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecology_of_the_San_Francisco_Estuary#Food_web" title="Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary">San Francisco Estuary</a></li>

</ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ascendency" title="Ascendency">Ascendency</a></li>

<li><a href="Bioaccumulation" title="Bioaccumulation">Bioaccumulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Cascade_effect_(ecology)" title="Cascade effect (ecology)">Cascade effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Climax_community" title="Climax community">Climax community</a></li>

<li><a href="Competitive_exclusion_principle" title="Competitive exclusion principle">Competitive exclusion principle</a></li>

<li><a href="Consumer%E2%80%93resource_interactions" title="Consumer–resource interactions">Consumer–resource interactions</a></li>

<li><a href="Copiotroph" title="Copiotroph">Copiotrophs</a></li>

<li><a href="Dominance_(ecology)" title="Dominance (ecology)">Dominance</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecological_network" title="Ecological network">Ecological network</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecological_succession" title="Ecological succession">Ecological succession</a></li>

<li><a href="Energy_quality" title="Energy quality">Energy quality</a></li>

<li><a href="Energy_systems_language" title="Energy systems language">Energy systems language</a></li>

<li><a href="F-ratio_(oceanography)" title="F-ratio (oceanography)">f-ratio</a></li>

<li><a href="Feed_conversion_ratio" title="Feed conversion ratio">Feed conversion ratio</a></li>

<li><a href="Feeding_frenzy" title="Feeding frenzy">Feeding frenzy</a></li>

<li><a href="Mesotrophic_soil" title="Mesotrophic soil">Mesotrophic soil</a></li>

<li><a href="Nutrient_cycle" title="Nutrient cycle">Nutrient cycle</a></li>

<li><a href="Oligotroph" title="Oligotroph">Oligotroph</a></li>

<li><a href="Paradox_of_the_plankton" title="Paradox of the plankton">Paradox of the plankton</a></li>

<li><a href="Trophic_cascade" title="Trophic cascade">Trophic cascade</a></li>

<li><a href="Trophic_mutualism" title="Trophic mutualism">Trophic mutualism</a></li>

<li><a href="Trophic_state_index" title="Trophic state index">Trophic state index</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Defense,<br>counter</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Animal_coloration" title="Animal coloration">Animal coloration</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-predator_adaptation" title="Anti-predator adaptation">Anti-predator adaptations</a></li>

<li><a href="Camouflage" title="Camouflage">Camouflage</a></li>

<li><a href="Deimatic_behaviour" title="Deimatic behaviour">Deimatic behaviour</a></li>

<li><a href="Herbivore_adaptations_to_plant_defense" title="Herbivore adaptations to plant defense">Herbivore adaptations to plant defense</a></li>

<li><a href="Mimicry" title="Mimicry">Mimicry</a></li>

<li><a href="Plant_defense_against_herbivory" title="Plant defense against herbivory">Plant defense against herbivory</a></li>

<li><a href="Shoaling_and_schooling#Predator_avoidance" title="Shoaling and schooling">Predator avoidance in schooling fish</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ecology:_Modelling_ecosystems:_Other_components285" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ecology:_Modelling_ecosystems:_Other_components285" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a>: <a href="Ecosystem_model" title="Ecosystem model">Modelling ecosystems</a>: Other components</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="Population_ecology" title="Population ecology">Population<br>ecology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Abundance_(ecology)" title="Abundance (ecology)">Abundance</a></li>

<li><a href="Allee_effect" title="Allee effect">Allee effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Consumer-resource_model" title="Consumer-resource model">Consumer-resource model</a></li>

<li><a href="Depensation" title="Depensation">Depensation</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecological_yield" title="Ecological yield">Ecological yield</a></li>

<li><a href="Effective_population_size" title="Effective population size">Effective population size</a></li>

<li><a href="Intraspecific_competition" title="Intraspecific competition">Intraspecific competition</a></li>

<li><a href="Logistic_function" title="Logistic function">Logistic function</a></li>

<li><a href="Malthusian_growth_model" title="Malthusian growth model">Malthusian growth model</a></li>

<li><a href="Maximum_sustainable_yield" title="Maximum sustainable yield">Maximum sustainable yield</a></li>

<li><a href="Overpopulation" title="Overpopulation">Overpopulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">Overexploitation</a></li>

<li><a href="Population_cycle" title="Population cycle">Population cycle</a></li>

<li><a href="Population_dynamics" title="Population dynamics">Population dynamics</a></li>

<li><a href="Population_model" title="Population model">Population modeling</a></li>

<li><a href="Population_size" title="Population size">Population size</a></li>

<li><a href="Lotka%E2%80%93Volterra_equations" title="Lotka–Volterra equations">Predator–prey (Lotka–Volterra) equations</a></li>

<li><a href="Recruitment_(biology)" title="Recruitment (biology)">Recruitment</a></li>

<li><a href="Small_population_size" title="Small population size">Small population size</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecological_stability" title="Ecological stability">Stability</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ecological_resilience" title="Ecological resilience">Resilience</a></li>

<li><a href="Resistance_(ecology)" title="Resistance (ecology)">Resistance</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Random_generalized_Lotka%E2%80%93Volterra_model" title="Random generalized Lotka–Volterra model">Random generalized Lotka–Volterra model</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Species</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li>

<li><a href="Density_dependence" title="Density dependence">Density-dependent inhibition</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecological_effects_of_biodiversity" title="Ecological effects of biodiversity">Ecological effects of biodiversity</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecological_extinction" title="Ecological extinction">Ecological extinction</a></li>

<li><a href="Endemism" title="Endemism">Endemic species</a></li>

<li><a href="Flagship_species" title="Flagship species">Flagship species</a></li>

<li><a href="Ordination_(statistics)" title="Ordination (statistics)">Gradient analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Bioindicator" title="Bioindicator">Indicator species</a></li>

<li><a href="Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">Introduced species</a></li>

<li><a href="Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a> / <a href="Native_species" title="Native species">Native species</a></li>

<li><a href="Latitudinal_gradients_in_species_diversity" title="Latitudinal gradients in species diversity">Latitudinal gradients in species diversity</a></li>

<li><a href="Minimum_viable_population" title="Minimum viable population">Minimum viable population</a></li>

<li><a href="Unified_neutral_theory_of_biodiversity" title="Unified neutral theory of biodiversity">Neutral theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Occupancy%E2%80%93abundance_relationship" title="Occupancy–abundance relationship">Occupancy–abundance relationship</a></li>

<li><a href="Population_viability_analysis" title="Population viability analysis">Population viability analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Priority_effect" title="Priority effect">Priority effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Rapoport's_rule" title="Rapoport's rule">Rapoport's rule</a></li>

<li><a href="Relative_abundance_distribution" title="Relative abundance distribution">Relative abundance distribution</a></li>

<li><a href="Relative_species_abundance" title="Relative species abundance">Relative species abundance</a></li>

<li><a href="Species_diversity" title="Species diversity">Species diversity</a></li>

<li><a href="Species_homogeneity" title="Species homogeneity">Species homogeneity</a></li>

<li><a href="Species_richness" title="Species richness">Species richness</a></li>

<li><a href="Species_distribution" title="Species distribution">Species distribution</a></li>

<li><a href="Species%E2%80%93area_relationship" title="Species–area relationship">Species–area curve</a></li>

<li><a href="Umbrella_species" title="Umbrella species">Umbrella species</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Species<br>interaction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Antibiosis" title="Antibiosis">Antibiosis</a></li>

<li><a href="Biological_interaction" title="Biological interaction">Biological interaction</a></li>

<li><a href="Commensalism" title="Commensalism">Commensalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Community_(ecology)" title="Community (ecology)">Community ecology</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecological_facilitation" title="Ecological facilitation">Ecological facilitation</a></li>

<li><a href="Interspecific_competition" title="Interspecific competition">Interspecific competition</a></li>

<li><a href="Mutualism_(biology)" title="Mutualism (biology)">Mutualism</a></li>

<li><a href="Parasitism" title="Parasitism">Parasitism</a></li>

<li><a href="Storage_effect" title="Storage effect">Storage effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Symbiosis" title="Symbiosis">Symbiosis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="Spatial_ecology" title="Spatial ecology">Spatial<br>ecology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a></li>

<li><a href="Cross-boundary_subsidy" title="Cross-boundary subsidy">Cross-boundary subsidy</a></li>

<li><a href="Cline_(biology)" title="Cline (biology)">Ecocline</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecotone" title="Ecotone">Ecotone</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecotype" title="Ecotype">Ecotype</a></li>

<li><a href="Disturbance_(ecology)" title="Disturbance (ecology)">Disturbance</a></li>

<li><a href="Edge_effects" title="Edge effects">Edge effects</a></li>

<li><a href="Foster's_rule" title="Foster's rule">Foster's rule</a></li>

<li><a href="Habitat_fragmentation" title="Habitat fragmentation">Habitat fragmentation</a></li>

<li><a href="Ideal_free_distribution" title="Ideal free distribution">Ideal free distribution</a></li>

<li><a href="Intermediate_disturbance_hypothesis" title="Intermediate disturbance hypothesis">Intermediate disturbance hypothesis</a></li>

<li><a href="Insular_biogeography" title="Insular biogeography">Insular biogeography</a></li>

<li><a href="Land_change_modeling" title="Land change modeling">Land change modeling</a></li>

<li><a href="Landscape_ecology" title="Landscape ecology">Landscape ecology</a></li>

<li><a href="Landscape_epidemiology" title="Landscape epidemiology">Landscape epidemiology</a></li>

<li><a href="Landscape_limnology" title="Landscape limnology">Landscape limnology</a></li>

<li><a href="Metapopulation" title="Metapopulation">Metapopulation</a></li>

<li><a href="Patch_dynamics" title="Patch dynamics">Patch dynamics</a></li>

<li><a href="R/K_selection_theory" title="R/K selection theory"><i>r</i>/<i>K</i> selection theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Resource_selection_function" title="Resource selection function">Resource selection function</a></li>

<li><a href="Source%E2%80%93sink_dynamics" title="Source–sink dynamics">Source–sink dynamics</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="Ecological_niche" title="Ecological niche">Niche</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ecological_trap" title="Ecological trap">Ecological trap</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecosystem_engineer" title="Ecosystem engineer">Ecosystem engineer</a></li>

<li><a href="Species_distribution_modelling" title="Species distribution modelling">Environmental niche modelling</a></li>

<li><a href="Guild_(ecology)" title="Guild (ecology)">Guild</a></li>

<li><a href="Habitat" title="Habitat">Habitat</a>

<ul><li><a href="Marine_habitat" title="Marine habitat">Marine</a></li>

<li><a href="Semiaquatic" title="Semiaquatic">Semiaquatic</a></li>

<li><a href="Terrestrial_animal" title="Terrestrial animal">Terrestrial</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Limiting_similarity" title="Limiting similarity">Limiting similarity</a></li>

<li><a href="Niche_apportionment_models" title="Niche apportionment models">Niche apportionment models</a></li>

<li><a href="Niche_construction" title="Niche construction">Niche construction</a></li>

<li><a href="Niche_differentiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Niche differentiation">Niche differentiation</a></li>

<li><a href="Ontogenetic_niche_shift" title="Ontogenetic niche shift">Ontogenetic niche shift</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="Non-trophic_networks" title="Non-trophic networks">Other<br>networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Assembly_rules" title="Assembly rules">Assembly rules</a></li>

<li><a href="Bateman's_principle" title="Bateman's principle">Bateman's principle</a></li>

<li><a href="Bioluminescence" title="Bioluminescence">Bioluminescence</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecological_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological collapse">Ecological collapse</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecological_debt" title="Ecological debt">Ecological debt</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecological_debt" title="Ecological debt">Ecological deficit</a></li>

<li><a href="Energy_flow_(ecology)" title="Energy flow (ecology)">Ecological energetics</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecological_indicator" title="Ecological indicator">Ecological indicator</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecological_threshold" title="Ecological threshold">Ecological threshold</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecosystem_diversity" title="Ecosystem diversity">Ecosystem diversity</a></li>

<li><a href="Emergence" title="Emergence">Emergence</a></li>

<li><a href="Extinction_debt" title="Extinction debt">Extinction debt</a></li>

<li><a href="Kleiber's_law" title="Kleiber's law">Kleiber's law</a></li>

<li><a href="Liebig's_law_of_the_minimum" title="Liebig's law of the minimum">Liebig's law of the minimum</a></li>

<li><a href="Marginal_value_theorem" title="Marginal value theorem">Marginal value theorem</a></li>

<li><a href="Thorson's_rule" title="Thorson's rule">Thorson's rule</a></li>

<li><a href="Xerosere" title="Xerosere">Xerosere</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Allometry" title="Allometry">Allometry</a></li>

<li><a href="Alternative_stable_state" title="Alternative stable state">Alternative stable state</a></li>

<li><a href="Balance_of_nature" title="Balance of nature">Balance of nature</a></li>

<li><a href="Biological_data_visualization" title="Biological data visualization">Biological data visualization</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">Ecological economics</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">Ecological footprint</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecological_forecasting" title="Ecological forecasting">Ecological forecasting</a></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_humanities" title="Environmental humanities">Ecological humanities</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecological_stoichiometry" title="Ecological stoichiometry">Ecological stoichiometry</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecopath" title="Ecopath">Ecopath</a></li>

<li><a href="Ecosystem_based_fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem based fisheries">Ecosystem based fisheries</a></li>

<li><a href="Endolith" title="Endolith">Endolith</a></li>

<li><a href="Evolutionary_ecology" title="Evolutionary ecology">Evolutionary ecology</a></li>

<li><a href="Functional_ecology" title="Functional ecology">Functional ecology</a></li>

<li><a href="Industrial_ecology" title="Industrial ecology">Industrial ecology</a></li>

<li><a href="Macroecology" title="Macroecology">Macroecology</a></li>

<li><a href="Microecosystem" title="Microecosystem">Microecosystem</a></li>

<li><a href="Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">Natural environment</a></li>

<li><a href="Regime_shift" title="Regime shift">Regime shift</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexecology" title="Sexecology">Sexecology</a></li>

<li><a href="Systems_ecology" title="Systems ecology">Systems ecology</a></li>

<li><a href="Urban_ecology" title="Urban ecology">Urban ecology</a></li>

<li><a href="Theoretical_ecology" title="Theoretical ecology">Theoretical ecology</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="Outline_of_ecology" title="Outline of ecology">Outline of ecology</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ponds,_pools,_and_puddles88" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Ponds,_pools,_and_puddles88" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Pond" title="Pond">Ponds</a>, pools, and <a href="Puddle" title="Puddle">puddles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Pond" title="Pond">Ponds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Balancing_lake" title="Balancing lake">Balancing lake</a></li>

<li><a href="Ballast_pond" title="Ballast pond">Ballast pond</a></li>

<li><a href="Cooling_pond" title="Cooling pond">Cooling pond</a></li>

<li><a href="Detention_basin" title="Detention basin">Detention pond</a></li>

<li><a href="Evaporation_pond" title="Evaporation pond">Evaporation pond</a></li>

<li><a href="Facultative_lagoon" title="Facultative lagoon">Facultative lagoon</a></li>

<li><a href="Garden_pond" title="Garden pond">Garden pond</a></li>

<li><a href="Immersion_pond" class="mw-redirect" title="Immersion pond">Immersion pond</a></li>

<li><a href="Infiltration_basin" title="Infiltration basin">Infiltration basin</a></li>

<li><a href="Kettle_(landform)" title="Kettle (landform)">Kettle pond</a></li>

<li><a href="Facultative_lagoon#Subsequent_polishing_ponds" title="Facultative lagoon">Polishing pond</a></li>

<li><a href="Raceway_pond" title="Raceway pond">Raceway pond</a></li>

<li><a href="Retention_basin" title="Retention basin">Retention pond</a></li>

<li><a href="Salt_evaporation_pond" title="Salt evaporation pond">Salt evaporation pond</a></li>

<li><a href="Sediment_basin" title="Sediment basin">Sediment pond</a></li>

<li><a href="Settling_basin" title="Settling basin">Settling pond</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_pond" title="Solar pond">Solar pond</a></li>

<li><a href="Stepwell" title="Stepwell">Stepwell</a></li>

<li><a href="Tailings" title="Tailings">Tailings</a></li>

<li><a href="Waste_pond" title="Waste pond">Waste pond</a></li>

<li><a href="Waste_stabilization_pond" title="Waste stabilization pond">Waste stabilization pond</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anchialine_system" title="Anchialine system">Anchialine pool</a></li>

<li><a href="Brine_pool" title="Brine pool">Brine pool</a></li>

<li><a href="Infinity_pool" title="Infinity pool">Infinity pool</a></li>

<li><a href="Natural_pool" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural pool">Natural pool</a></li>

<li><a href="Ocean_pool" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean pool">Ocean pool</a></li>

<li><a href="Plunge_pool" title="Plunge pool">Plunge pool</a></li>

<li><a href="Reflecting_pool" title="Reflecting pool">Reflecting pool</a></li>

<li><a href="Spent_fuel_pool" title="Spent fuel pool">Spent fuel pool</a></li>

<li><a href="Stream_pool" title="Stream pool">Stream pool</a></li>

<li><a href="Swimming_pool" title="Swimming pool">Swimming pool</a></li>

<li><a href="Vernal_pool" title="Vernal pool">Vernal pool</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Puddle" title="Puddle">Puddles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Coffee_ring_effect" title="Coffee ring effect">Coffee ring effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Puddle" title="Puddle">Puddle</a></li>

<li><a href="Surface_tension#Puddles_on_a_surface" title="Surface tension">Puddles on a surface</a></li>

<li><a href="Seep_(hydrology)" title="Seep (hydrology)">Seep puddle</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Biome" title="Biome">Biome</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Beaver_dam" title="Beaver dam">Beaver dam</a></li>

<li><a href="Goldfish_pond" class="mw-redirect" title="Goldfish pond">Goldfish pond</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">Ecosystems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">Aquatic ecosystem</a></li>

<li><a href="Freshwater_ecosystem" title="Freshwater ecosystem">Freshwater ecosystem</a></li>

<li><a href="Lake_ecosystem" title="Lake ecosystem">Lake ecosystem</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aerated_lagoon" title="Aerated lagoon">Aerated lagoon</a></li>

<li><a href="Bakki_shower" title="Bakki shower">Bakki shower</a></li>

<li><a href="Big-fish%E2%80%93little-pond_effect" title="Big-fish–little-pond effect">Big fish–little pond</a></li>

<li><a href="Body_of_water" title="Body of water">Body of water</a></li>

<li><a href="Constructed_wetland" title="Constructed wetland">Constructed wetland</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydric_soil" title="Hydric soil">Hydric soil</a></li>

<li><a href="Phytotelma" title="Phytotelma">Phytotelma</a></li>

<li><a href="Pond_of_Abundance" title="Pond of Abundance">Pond of Abundance</a></li>

<li><a href="Pond_liner" title="Pond liner">Pond liner</a></li>

<li><a href="Ponding" title="Ponding">Ponding</a></li>

<li><a href="Puddle_(M._C._Escher)" title="Puddle (M. C. Escher)"><i>Puddle</i> (M C Escher)</a></li>

<li><a href="Spring_(hydrology)" title="Spring (hydrology)">Spring</a></li>

<li><a href="Swimming_hole" title="Swimming hole">Swimming hole</a></li>

<li><a href="Water_aeration" title="Water aeration">Water aeration</a></li>

<li><a href="Water_garden" title="Water garden">Water garden</a></li>

<li><a href="Water_Lilies_(Monet_series)" title="Water Lilies (Monet series)"><i>Water Lilies</i> (Monet)</a></li>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1521187#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata904" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1521187#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata904" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh90005194">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb155970875">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb155970875">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00573608">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007539325605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/a2d20a1c-360a-4926-9569-5be1597292d6">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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